Aluminiyamu ndi chinthu chachitsulo chochuluka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ndilo chitsulo chosakhala ndi chitsulo chomwe chili ndi chachiwiri chachikulu komanso chogwiritsidwa ntchito padziko lonse lapansi pambuyo pa chitsulo. Ili ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono, pafupifupi 1/3 yachitsulo. Popeza aluminiyamu yoyera ndi yofewa ndipo imakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, choncho, powonjezera zinthu zochepa monga magnesium, mkuwa, zinki, silicon, ndi lithiamu ku aluminium, ntchito ya aluminiyumu alloy ndi yabwino. Ma aluminiyamu aloyi ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pakupanga zitsulo zopanda chitsulo m'makampani chifukwa cha makina awo abwino kwambiri komanso kukana dzimbiri. Zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga, ndege, magalimoto, kupanga makina, kupanga zombo ndi mafakitale a mankhwala.
Ma aluminiyamu aloyi ali ndi zabwino kwambiri pamakina ndi chemistry:
① Mbali zamakina, zomwe zimawonetsedwa ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono, mphamvu yayikulu, modulus yayikulu, ndi zina zambiri. Aluminiyamu imakhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono ndipo ndi yopepuka kuposa zitsulo zina, 1/4 yokha yachitsulo, motero ndiyoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'minda yomwe ili ndi zofunika kwambiri zopepuka;
② Pankhani yamankhwala, popeza aloyi ya aluminiyamu imatha kupanga filimu wandiweyani ya oxide pamtunda wake mumlengalenga, imatha kudziteteza ku okosijeni wakuya. Chifukwa chake, ili ndi kukana kwambiri kwa dzimbiri komanso mawonekedwe okhazikika amankhwala.
③Aluminiyamu aloyi ali ndi pulasitiki wabwino ndipo amatha kusinthidwa kukhala mbiri zosiyanasiyana. Ili ndi mphamvu yabwino kwambiri yamagetsi ndi matenthedwe. Choncho, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani, ndipo ntchito yake ndi yachiwiri kwa chitsulo.
Pakalipano, pali ma aloyi oposa 250 a aluminiyamu omwe ali ndi nyimbo zosiyanasiyana m'makampani. Pofuna kuwongolera kusiyanitsa, malinga ndi nyimbo za aloyi zosiyanasiyana, China itengera njira yovomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi yamagulu anayi kuti ithandizire kuyika chizindikiro, kukumbukira komanso kuwerengera. Ma aluminiyamu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani ankhondo makamaka amaphatikiza zotayidwa za aluminiyamu-lithiamu, 2XXX (A1-Cu-Mg) mndandanda ndi 7XXX mndandanda wazitsulo zotayidwa.
Kufuna kwa msika ndi kakulidwe kazinthu zosiyanasiyana za aluminiyamu aloyi
2XXX mndandanda wa aluminiyamu aloyi
2XXX (A1-Cu-Mg) zosakaniza za aluminiyamu zili ndi mphamvu zolimba kwambiri, kulimba komanso kutopa, kukana kutentha, kukonza ndi kuwotcherera, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale apamlengalenga, magalimoto ndi zida. Maphunziro akuluakulu ndi 2A01, 2A02, 2A06, 2A11, 2A12, ndi zina zotero. Aloyi angapo apangidwa kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu, kufananitsa kulimba, ndi kulekerera zowonongeka, monga 2024, 2124, 2524, 2324 alloys, etc.
Zitsanzo za zida zaku China zikukula molunjika mopepuka, moyo wautali, kudalirika kwambiri komanso mtengo wotsika, ndipo zimakhala ndi zofunika kwambiri pakulimba kwa fracture, kukana kufalitsa ming'alu ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri kwa fuselage khungu. Kutengera 2024-T351 zotayidwa aloyi wandiweyani mbale, mayiko akunja apanga 2324, 2624 ndi zina mkulu kuwonongeka kulolerana zotayidwa pamwamba pa mapiko m'munsi ndi mphamvu zosiyana, toughness, kutopa ndi dzimbiri kukana, ndipo akwaniritsa unsembe ndi ntchito. China ikupanga kulekerera kwakukulu kwa 2XXX mndandanda wazitsulo zotayidwa. M'tsogolomu, ma microalloying ophatikizika adzakhala njira yofunika kwambiri yopangira ma Al-Cu-Mg mndandanda wazitsulo zolimba kwambiri za aluminiyamu.
4XXX mndandanda wa aluminiyamu aloyi
Pakadali pano, ma aloyi a eutectic ndi hypoeutectic Al-Si amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pama pistoni apagalimoto ku China. Komabe, ndi kuwongolera kosalekeza kwa magwiridwe antchito a injini, kumakhala kovuta kukwaniritsa zofunikira. Hypereutectic Al-Si alloy ili ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono, kachulukidwe kakang'ono ka mzere, kukana kuvala kwapamwamba komanso kukhazikika kwa voliyumu, ndipo ndi zida zabwino kwambiri za pisitoni poyerekeza ndi ma aloyi a eutectic Al-Si. Ma pistoni a hypereutectic Al-Si alloy apangidwa mochuluka kunja ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku magalimoto ndi magalimoto, monga A390 alloy ku United States, AC9A ndi AC8A (ZL109) alloys ku Japan, ndi A390 alloy ku Australia. Komabe, pakadali pano pali opanga ochepa ku China omwe amapanga ma pistoni a Al-Si alloy hypereutectic, ndipo ambiri amadalira zogulitsa kunja. Kuphatikiza apo, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zida zamagalimoto a turbocharger aluminium alloy ndi mayiko akunja. Magalimoto apamwamba kwambiri a turbocharger aluminiyamu aloyi zida zimadalira Japan ndi mayiko ena. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kupanga zida zazikulu zamagalimoto za aluminiyamu aloyi zama pistoni zogwira ntchito kwambiri ndi zoyikapo za turbocharger.
5XXX Series Aluminiyamu Aloyi
Ma aloyi a Al-Mg, makamaka ma aloyi a Al-Mg okhala ndi MG wambiri, amakhala ndi mphamvu zenizeni zenizeni, amatha kutenthetsa bwino komanso kukana dzimbiri, ndipo adzakhala zida zopikisana kwambiri m'tsogolomu zamlengalenga, masitima othamanga kwambiri, nyanja zamchere ndi zina. Pakadali pano, mbale za aloyi za Al-Mg, mbiri ndi mawaya owotcherera azamlengalenga, masitima apanyanja, nyanja zamchere ndi ntchito zina zimadalira kwambiri zobwera kunja. Msika wama waya wowotcherera kwambiri umayendetsedwa ndi ALCOA ku United States. ER5183 ndi ER5356 alloys makamaka amadalira kuchokera kunja, ndipo voliyumu yochokera kunja imakhala pafupifupi 70% ya malonda awo. Al-Mg alloys a zombo makamaka amadalira Russia. Ma Ingots wamba a aloyi okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa Mg amakhala ndi ma dendrites otukuka bwino, kulekanitsa kwakukulu kwa gawo la eutectic, komanso kusachita bwino. Njira zamakono zogwirira ntchito zidakali ndi mavuto ambiri, monga kuchepa kwa ntchito, khalidwe losawoneka bwino, ndondomeko yayitali, khalidwe losakhazikika, ndi zokolola zochepa. Kukhazikika kwachangu komanso kupanga kungalepheretse mvula ya Mg, ndipo nthawi yomweyo ikhoza kuyendetsedwa kuti ipeze makristasi abwino kwambiri komanso magawo a nano-precipitated, kuwongolera kwambiri magwiridwe antchito ndi kufanana kwa zinthuzo. Chifukwa chake, chitukuko cha sub-Rapid solidification chopitilira rheological extrusion ndi kugudubuzika kwa ma alloys apamwamba a Al-Mg akuyembekezeka kukwaniritsa kufunikira kwa ma aloyi apamwamba kwambiri a Al-Mg.
6XXX Series Aluminiyamu Aloyi
6XXX mndandanda zitsulo zotayidwa aloyi zipangizo zofunika m'minda ya njanji zoyendera, magalimoto, zamagetsi, etc. Kuyambira m'ma 1980, mayiko otukuka ndi zigawo monga Europe, United States, ndi Japan apanga aloyi zotayidwa magalimoto, analembetsa giredi monga 6009, 6016, 6010, 6010, 6012, 6012, 6012, 6012, 6012, 6012 ndi 601 ndi wathunthu kupanga ndi dongosolo ntchito mapanelo galimoto thupi, extrusions, forgings, etc. The mafakitale kafukufuku ndi chitukuko cha 6XXX mndandanda zitsulo zotayidwa mapanelo thupi ndi forgings ku China wangoyamba kumene, ndipo pali kusiyana bwino. Unduna wa Zamakampani ndi Ukadaulo waukadaulo waku China wapempha kuti mapepala a aluminiyamu apangidwe ndi awa: 6016-S, 6016-IH, 6016-IBR, 6A16-S, 6A16-IBR, 6022, ndi zina zambiri. zosakwana 0,60, ndi 60 d magalimoto zokolola mphamvu Rp0.2 wa osachepera 140 N/mm2 ndi utoto kuumitsa zokolola mphamvu increment osachepera 80 N/mm2 . Poyankha zosowa zosiyanasiyana, kupanga mapangidwe, kukonzekera ndi kukonza ukadaulo wa 6XXX mndandanda wa aluminiyamu aloyi wakhala njira yosapeŵeka yachitukuko.
7XXX Series Aluminium Aloyi
Ma aluminiyamu a 7XXX amtundu wa aluminiyamu ali ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri komanso ndi mndandanda wamphamvu kwambiri pakati pa ma aluminiyamu. Amadziwika padziko lonse lapansi ngati zida zamsana zoyendetsa ndege. Posachedwapa, mayiko akunja apanga 7055 alloy (Al8Zn-2.05Mg-2.3Cu-0.16Zr), omwe zokolola zawo zimaposa 620 MPa m'boma la T77511. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ndege za Boeing 777 ndipo amachepetsa kulemera kwa 635 kg. Pakalipano, China ilibe kamangidwe ka aloyi mwadongosolo komanso kukonzekera ndi kukonzanso ukadaulo wa 7XXX mndandanda wazitsulo zotayidwa paulendo wa pandege, ndipo zinthu zina zimadalira kwambiri zolowa kunja. Chifukwa cha zitsulo zazikulu za 7XXX zosakaniza za aluminiyamu zokhala ndi zinthu zambiri za aloyi, kukhazikika kwakukulu, kupanikizika kwakukulu, ndi kusakaniza kosavuta / kugawanika kwa zinthu za aloyi, khalidwe lazitsulo lazitsulo ndilochepa komanso kutentha kwa chipinda kumakhala kochepa, ndizofunika kwambiri kupanga ma aluminiyamu atsopano a 7XXXys.
Aluminium-lithium (Al-Li) aloyi
Aluminium-lithium alloy ndiye chinthu chopepuka chomwe chikukula mwachangu pazida zama ndege m'zaka zaposachedwa. Ili ndi mawonekedwe otsika kachulukidwe, zotanuka kwambiri modulus, kuuma kwapadera, kuchita bwino kutopa, komanso kukana dzimbiri. Pambuyo m'malo aloyi zotayidwa ochiritsira, misa akhoza kuchepetsedwa ndi 10% ~ 20% ndi stiffness akhoza ziwonjezeke ndi 15% ~ 20%. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2100, kampani ya ku America ALCOA inayambitsa "ALCOA Aviation 20/20 Plan", ndi cholinga chochepetsera mtengo ndi kulemera kwazitsulo za aluminiyamu za 20% iliyonse mkati mwa zaka 20. Constellium yapanga 2050 ndi 2198 aluminium-lithium alloys (Al-Cu-Li-Mg-Ag) yokhala ndi kachulukidwe kakang'ono, kulimba kwambiri komanso kulolerana kwakukulu kowonongeka. Pali magiredi ochepa kwambiri a Al-Li alloy omwe adapangidwa okha ku China, ndipo aloyi 1420 okha ndi omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Aluminium-lithium alloy yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu ndege ya C919 imaperekedwa ndi Alcoa. Kunyumba, magiredi aloyi ochepa okha monga 1420, 2195, 2197, ndi 2A97 amatha kupangidwa, ndipo ma ingots amangokhala athyathyathya pansipa ((310 ~ 400) × 1280 × 4000) mm ndi ma ingots ozungulira pansipa φ650 mm. Lathyathyathya ingots (2B16) ndi makulidwe oposa 60 mm ndi m'lifupi mwake oposa 1500 mm, ndi ingots (2B16) ndi awiri a 1500 mm m'munda wa ntchito mkulu-mapeto ndege sizinachitike m'mafakitale. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kupanga mapangidwe atsopano a aluminiyamu-lithiamu aloyi, kukonzekera kopitilira muyeso komanso ukadaulo wozama.
Aluminiyamu wosakanikirana ndi kutentha
Ma aluminiyamu osagwira kutentha ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri pazamlengalenga, magalimoto, zoyendera njanji, ndi zina zambiri poyang'anira zinthu monga Si, Fe, Ni, Ag, ndi zosowa zapadziko lapansi kuti zipangitse zitsulo za aluminiyamu kugonjetsedwa ndi okosijeni ndi kukwawa pa kutentha kwakukulu. Traditional kutentha zosagwira zotayidwa aloyi zotayidwa monga: 2519, 2618, 2219, 2D70, etc. Ndi chitukuko mofulumira za mlengalenga ndi mafakitale magalimoto, zofunika apamwamba anaika pa kutentha zosagwira zitsulo zotayidwa aloyi. Mbadwo watsopano wa ma jets omenyera nkhondo uli ndi liwiro lalikulu, ndipo kutentha kwa khungu la fuselage kuli pamwamba pa 150 ° C. Pakali pano, kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali kwa ma aluminiyamu osagwira kutentha monga 2618 ndi 2D70 ndi pansi pa 150 ° C. Ndikofunikira kupanga zosakaniza zatsopano za aluminiyamu zosagwira kutentha.
Al-Sc alloy yokhala ndi ultra-low scandium (Sc).
Al-Sc alloy ali ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri monga mphamvu zapamwamba, pulasitiki yabwino komanso kukana kwa dzimbiri, ndipo wakhala mbadwo watsopano wa zipangizo zopepuka zamlengalenga, zombo, ndi zina pambuyo pa Al-Li alloy. Kulimba kwamphamvu kwa Al-Mg alloy yokhala ndi scandium ndi 30% kuposa ya 5083 alloy, ndipo mphamvu zokolola zimapitilira kuwirikiza kawiri. Kuwotcherera kwake kumafanana ndi aloyi wamba wa 5XXX, mawonekedwe amakina a malo omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kutentha ndi weld amakhala pafupifupi ofanana ndi a matrix, ndipo kukana kwake kwa dzimbiri ndikufanana ndi aloyi ya 5083. Kusintha ma alloys a 5XXX kapena 6XXX pakupanga zinthu zakuthambo kumatha kukwaniritsa zotsatira zochepetsera thupi, komanso ndizinthu zapamwamba zamagalimoto ndi masitima apamtunda. Russia ili patsogolo pa dziko lapansi pakupanga ma aloyi a aluminiyamu okhala ndi scandium, ndipo yapanga Al-Mg-Sc, Al-Mg-Li-Sc, Al-Zn-MgSc , Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Sc, ndi Al-Cu-Mg-Sc alloys okhala ndi scandium 0,18% ~ 0.5%. Pofuna kulimbikitsa kaphatikizidwe kazitsulo za aluminiyamu-scandium muzamlengalenga ndi magalimoto, Unduna wa Zamakampani ndi Ukadaulo Wachidziwitso ku China wandandalika ma aloyi a aluminiyamu okhala ndi scandium ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zatsopano zopangira chitukuko. China ili ndi zinthu zambiri za scandium ndipo yamanga mzere wopangira ma scandium oxide m'zigawo zambiri, ndikuyika maziko opangira ma aluminiyamu-scandium alloys.
500 MPa giredi otentha masitampu aluminum aloyi yamagalimoto
Pakadalibe chopanda kanthu pazitsulo zotentha zotentha zamphamvu za aluminiyamu aloyi ku China. Kuphatikizika kwa zida zatsopano ndi chitukuko chatsopano chopangira njira ndi njira yabwino yothetsera vuto la zida zamagalimoto zamphamvu kwambiri za aluminiyamu. Kuyang'ana pa ma aloyi amtundu wa 7XXX, kuyang'ana ma aloyi a 2XXX mwachangu, ndikupanga zida za aluminiyamu za 500 MPa zopondapo zotentha zili ndi chiyembekezo chofunikira chopanga zida zamagalimoto zooneka ngati zovuta.
Zopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu zophatikizika
Aluminium-steel multilayer composite plate: Kulumikizana kogwira mtima pakati pa aluminiyamu ndi zitsulo zachitsulo kwakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zolepheretsa kuti zombo zazikulu zikhale zopepuka. Cholumikizira cha aluminiyamu ndi chitsulo chophatikizika chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito powotcherera pakati pa aluminiyamu ndi zitsulo zachitsulo chimapereka yankho kuti lilowe m'malo mwa njira yachikhalidwe. Honda yapanga ukadaulo wolumikizira zitsulo ndi aluminiyamu womwe udzagwiritsidwe ntchito padziko lonse lapansi pamafelemu agalimoto opangidwa mochuluka. Pakadali pano, zolumikizira za aluminiyamu-zitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ku China zimatumizidwa makamaka kuchokera kunja, ndi mtengo wokwera 4×10 5 CNY/t. Ndi zombo zazikulu zam'tsogolo, kutentha kwakukulu kowotcherera, kupsinjika kwakukulu, ndi kulumikizana kolimba kolumikizira ndikofunikira kuti tigwirizane ndi masinthidwe, komanso zolumikizira zazitsulo za aluminiyamu zogwira ntchito kwambiri ndizofunikira mwachangu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-08-2025
