Pamene maiko padziko lonse lapansi amaika kufunikira kwakukulu pakusunga mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa utsi, kupangidwa kwa magalimoto atsopano amagetsi atsopano kwakhala chizolowezi. Kuphatikiza pa magwiridwe antchito a batri, mawonekedwe a thupi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimakhudza kuyendetsa kwa magalimoto atsopano amphamvu. Kupititsa patsogolo mapangidwe amtundu wamagalimoto opepuka komanso maulumikizidwe apamwamba kwambiri kumatha kupititsa patsogolo kuyendetsa bwino kwa magalimoto amagetsi pochepetsa kulemera kwagalimoto yonse momwe mungathere ndikuwonetsetsa kuti galimotoyo ndi yolimba komanso yotetezeka. Pankhani yopepuka yamagalimoto, thupi losakanizidwa lachitsulo-aluminiyamu limaganizira za mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa thupi, kukhala njira yofunika kwambiri yopezera kuwonda kwa thupi.
Njira yolumikizira yachikhalidwe yolumikizira ma aluminiyamu aloyi imakhala ndi kulumikizidwa koyipa komanso kudalirika kochepa. Kudziboola pawokha, ngati ukadaulo watsopano wolumikizira, wagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani opangira magalimoto komanso malo opangira ndege chifukwa cha mwayi wake wonse pakulumikiza ma alloys owala ndi zida zophatikizika. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, China akatswiri zoweta achita kafukufuku zogwirizana kudziboola riveting luso ndi kuphunzira zotsatira za njira zosiyanasiyana kutentha mankhwala pa ntchito ya TA1 mafakitale koyera titaniyamu kudziboola riveted mfundo. Zinapezeka kuti annealing ndi kuzimitsa kutentha kutentha njira patsogolo mphamvu malo amodzi a TA1 mafakitale koyera titaniyamu kudziboola pamfundo riveted. Njira yopangira mgwirizano inawonedwa ndikuwunikidwa kuchokera ku kayendetsedwe ka zinthu, ndipo khalidwe logwirizana linayesedwa potengera izi. Kupyolera mu mayesero a metallographic, adapeza kuti malo akuluakulu a pulasitiki amapindika amayeretsedwa mumtundu wa fiber ndi chizolowezi china, chomwe chinalimbikitsa kupititsa patsogolo kupsinjika kwa zokolola ndi mphamvu ya kutopa kwa olowa.
Kafukufuku omwe ali pamwambawa amayang'ana kwambiri momwe zimagwirira ntchito pamalumikizidwe pambuyo pobowoleza mbale za aluminiyamu aloyi. Pakupanga kwenikweni kwa matupi agalimoto, ming'alu yolumikizana ndi aluminiyamu aloyi yotulutsa mbiri, makamaka ma aluminiyamu amphamvu kwambiri okhala ndi zinthu zambiri, monga 6082 aluminium alloy, ndizomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito njirayi pagalimoto yagalimoto. Nthawi yomweyo, mawonekedwe ndi kulolerana kwa mawonekedwe omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pagalimoto yamagalimoto, monga kupindika ndi kupindika, zimakhudzanso kusonkhana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mbiri, komanso kudziwa kulondola kwamtundu wagalimoto wotsatira. Kuti muwongolere kupindika ndi kupindika kwa mbiri ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mbiriyo ndi yolondola, kuwonjezera pa mawonekedwe akufa, kutentha kwambiri komanso kuthamanga kwapaintaneti ndizofunika kwambiri. Kukwera kwa kutentha kwa malo otuluka komanso kuthamanga kwachangu kuzimitsa, kumapangitsa kuti mbiriyo ikhale yopindika komanso yopindika. Kwa mbiri ya aluminiyamu alloy matupi agalimoto, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kulondola kwambiri ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ma alloy riveting sakusweka. Njira yosavuta yokwaniritsira kulondola kwazithunzi ndikuchita bwino kwa aloyi ndikuwongolera kusweka mwa kukhathamiritsa kutentha kwa kutentha ndi kukalamba kwa ndodo zomwe zatulutsidwa ndikusunga zinthu, mawonekedwe akufa, kuthamanga kwa extrusion, komanso kuthamanga kosasinthika. Pakuti 6082 zotayidwa aloyi, pansi pa mfundo kuti zinthu zina ndondomeko kukhala osasintha, ndi apamwamba extrusion kutentha, osazama coarse-grained wosanjikiza, koma kwambiri mapindikidwe a mbiri pambuyo quenching.
Pepalali limatenga 6082 aluminium alloy yokhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi chinthu chofufuzira, imagwiritsa ntchito kutentha kosiyanasiyana ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zokalamba kukonzekera zitsanzo m'maiko osiyanasiyana, ndikuwunikanso zotsatira za kutentha kwa extrusion ndi ukalamba pa mayeso a riveting kudzera mu mayeso a riveting. Kutengera zotsatira zoyambilira, njira yabwino yokalamba imatsimikiziridwa kuti ipereke chitsogozo pakupanga ma profiles a 6082 aluminium alloy body extrusion.
1 Zida zoyesera ndi njira
Monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 1, 6082 aluminium alloy inasungunuka ndikukonzedwa kukhala ingot yozungulira ndi kuponyedwa kosalekeza. Kenako, pambuyo homogenization kutentha mankhwala, ndi ingot unatenthedwa kutentha osiyana ndi extruded mu mbiri pa 2200 t extruder. Mbiri khoma makulidwe anali 2.5 mm, extrusion mbiya kutentha anali 440 ± 10 ℃, extrusion kufa kutentha anali 470 ± 10 ℃, extrusion liwiro anali 2.3 ± 0.2 mm/s, ndi mbiri kuzimitsa njira anali wamphamvu mphepo kuzirala. Malinga ndi kutentha Kutentha, zitsanzo anali owerengeka 1 mpaka 3, amene chitsanzo 1 anali otsika Kutentha kutentha, ndi lolingana billet kutentha anali 470 ± 5 ℃, lolingana billet kutentha chitsanzo 2 anali 485 ± 5 ℃, ndi kutentha kwa chitsanzo 3 anali apamwamba kwambiri, ndi lolingana billet kutentha anali ℃ 500 ± 5.
Tebulo 1 Kuyesa kwamankhwala aloyi yoyeserera (gawo la misa /%)
Pansi pa chikhalidwe kuti magawo ena ndondomeko monga zikuchokera zinthu, kufa dongosolo, extrusion liwiro, quenching liwiro kukhalabe zosasintha, pamwamba No. Pambuyo kutchinjiriza, iwo ndi mpweya utakhazikika, ndiyeno riveted kuti awunikire chikoka cha kutentha osiyana extrusion ndi mayiko ukalamba pa mayeso riveting. Kuyesa kwa riveting kumagwiritsa ntchito aloyi ya 2.5 mm wandiweyani wa 6082 wokhala ndi kutentha kosiyanasiyana komanso machitidwe osiyanasiyana okalamba ngati mbale yapansi, ndi 1.4 mm wandiweyani wa 5754-O aloyi ngati mbale yapamwamba ya mayeso a SPR riveting. Kufa kwa riveting ndi M260238, ndipo rivet ndi C5.3 × 6.0 H0. Komanso, kuti mupitirize kudziwa mulingo woyenera ukalamba ndondomeko, malinga ndi chikoka cha extrusion kutentha ndi ukalamba boma pa riveting akulimbana, mbale pa mulingo woyenera kwambiri extrusion kutentha amasankhidwa, ndiyeno ankachitira ndi kutentha zosiyanasiyana ndi nthawi zosiyanasiyana ukalamba kuphunzira chikoka cha ukalamba dongosolo pa riveting akulimbana, kotero kuti potsiriza kutsimikizira mulingo woyenera kwambiri ukalamba dongosolo. Maikulosikopu yamphamvu kwambiri idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'ana mawonekedwe a zinthuzo pa kutentha kosiyanasiyana, makina oyesa amagetsi amtundu wa MTS-SANS CMT5000 omwe amayendetsedwa ndi makompyuta adagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa makinawo, ndipo maikulosikopu yamphamvu yotsika idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'ana zolumikizira zopindika pambuyo poyenda m'maiko osiyanasiyana.
2Zotsatira zoyeserera ndi zokambirana
2.1 Zotsatira za kutentha kwa extrusion ndi ukalamba wokhazikika pakusweka kwa riveting
Zitsanzo zidatengedwa pagawo lopingasa la mbiri yotulutsidwa. Pambuyo pogaya movutikira, kupukuta bwino ndi kupukuta ndi sandpaper, chitsanzocho chinawonongeka ndi 10% NaOH kwa mphindi 8, ndipo chinthu chakuda chakuda chinapukuta ndi nitric acid. The coarse njere wosanjikiza chitsanzo ankaona ndi mkulu-mphamvu maikulosikopu, amene anali pamwamba kunja kwa nthiti rivet pa malo ankafuna riveting, monga momwe chithunzi 1. pafupifupi coarse njere wosanjikiza kuya chitsanzo No. μm ndi. Kusiyana kwa kuya kwa nsanjika yambewu ya coarse makamaka chifukwa cha kutentha kosiyanasiyana kwa extrusion. The apamwamba kutentha extrusion, m'munsi kukana mapindikidwe a aloyi 6082, ang'onoang'ono mapindikidwe mphamvu yosungirako kwaiye ndi kukangana pakati pa aloyi ndi extrusion kufa (makamaka kufa ntchito lamba), ndi ang'onoang'ono ndi recrystallization galimoto mphamvu. Choncho, pamwamba coarse njere wosanjikiza ndi osaya; kutsika kwa kutentha kwa extrusion, kukana kwambiri kwa mapindikidwe, kusungirako mphamvu kwambiri, ndikosavuta kukonzanso, komanso kuzama kosanjikiza kwambewu. Kwa aloyi ya 6082, makina a coarse grain recrystallization ndi recrystallization yachiwiri.
(a) Chitsanzo 1
(b) Chitsanzo 2
(c) Chitsanzo 3
Chithunzi 1 Kukhuthala kwa njere zosanjikizana zama profaili opangidwa mosiyanasiyana
Zitsanzo 1 mpaka 3 zokonzedwa pa kutentha kosiyana kwa extrusion zinali zaka 180 ℃/6 h ndi 190 ℃/6 h, motero. Zomwe zimapangidwira za chitsanzo cha 2 pambuyo pa njira ziwiri zokalamba zikuwonetsedwa mu Table 2. Pansi pa machitidwe awiri okalamba, mphamvu zokolola ndi mphamvu zowonongeka za chitsanzo pa 180 ℃ / 6 h ndizokwera kwambiri kuposa zomwe zili pa 190 ℃ / 6 h, pamene kutalika kwa awiriwo sikusiyana kwambiri, kusonyeza kuti 180 ℃ / 6 h ndi mankhwala opitirira / 6 ℃. Popeza katundu wamakina a 6 mndandanda wa aluminiyamu aloyi amasinthasintha kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa ukalamba m'malo okalamba, sizothandiza kukhazikika kwa njira yopanga mbiri ndikuwongolera mtundu wa riveting. Choncho, sikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ukalamba wocheperako kupanga mbiri ya thupi.
Table 2 Mechanical properties ya chitsanzo No. 2 pansi pa machitidwe awiri okalamba
Maonekedwe a chidutswa mayeso pambuyo riveting akuwonetsedwa Chithunzi 2. Pamene No. Chifukwa cha kusagwirizana komwe kuli mkati mwa njere, digiri ya deformation idzakhala yosagwirizana panthawi yosinthika, kupanga malo osagwirizana. Mbewuzo zikamakula, kusagwirizana kwa pamwamba kumakhala kokulirapo, kupanga chodabwitsa cha peel lalanje chowoneka ndi maso. Pamene No. Pamene chitsanzo cha 3 chinali mu ukalamba wochuluka, palibe kusweka komwe kunawonedwa pansi pa kukula kwa microscope, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2c.
(a) Ming’alu yooneka ndi maso
(b) Ming’alu yaing’ono yooneka ndi maikulosikopu
(c) Palibe ming’alu
Chithunzi 2 Madigiri osiyanasiyana osweka pambuyo pa riveting
Pamwamba pambuyo pa riveting makamaka m'madera atatu, ming'alu yowoneka ndi maso (yolembedwa "×"), ming'alu yaing'ono yowonekera pansi pa maikulosikopu magnification (yolembedwa "△"), ndipo palibe ming'alu (yolembedwa "○"). The riveting morphology zotsatira za zitsanzo zitatu zapamwamba za boma pansi pa machitidwe awiri okalamba akuwonetsedwa mu Table 3. Zitha kuwoneka kuti pamene ukalamba umakhala wokhazikika, ntchito ya riveting yosweka ya chitsanzo ndi kutentha kwapamwamba kwa extrusion ndi wochepa thupi wosanjikiza tirigu wosanjikiza bwino kuposa chitsanzo ndi chozama coarse tirigu wosanjikiza; pamene tirigu wosanjikiza amakhala wokhazikika, kusweka kwamphamvu kwa ukalamba kumakhala bwinoko kuposa kukalamba kwakukulu.
Table 3 Riveting maonekedwe a zitsanzo 1 mpaka 3 pansi pa machitidwe awiri
Zotsatira za morphology yambewu ndi ukalamba pamayendedwe a axial compression cracking a mbiri zidaphunziridwa. Kupanikizika kwa zinthu panthawi ya axial compression kunali kogwirizana ndi kudziboola kwa riveting. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti ming'aluyo idachokera kumalire ambewu, ndipo njira yowonongeka ya Al-Mg-Si alloy inafotokozedwa ndi ndondomekoyi.
σapp ndiye kupsinjika komwe kumayikidwa pa kristalo. Mukasweka, σapp ndi ofanana ndi kupsinjika kwenikweni komwe kumayenderana ndi kulimba kwamphamvu; σa0 ndi kukana kwa precipitates panthawi ya intracrystalline sliding; Φ ndiye kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika, komwe kumayenderana ndi kukula kwambewu d ndi m'lifupi mwa slip p.
Poyerekeza ndi recrystallization, kapangidwe kambewu ka fiber ndi kothandiza kwambiri pakuletsa kusweka. Chifukwa chachikulu ndi chakuti kukula kwambewu d kumachepetsedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kukonzanso kwambewu, komwe kungathe kuchepetsa kupsinjika maganizo Φ pamalire a tirigu, motero kulepheretsa kusweka. Poyerekeza ndi mawonekedwe a fibrous, kupsinjika maganizo Φ kwa aloyi yopangidwanso ndi njere za coarse ndi pafupifupi 10 nthawi zakale.
Poyerekeza ndi kukalamba kwakukulu, kukalamba kwambiri kumakhala kothandiza kwambiri kuletsa kusweka, komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a mpweya mkati mwa alloy. Panthawi yokalamba kwambiri, magawo a 20-50 nm 'β (Mg5Si6) amalowetsedwa mu alloy 6082, ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha precipitates ndi kukula kochepa; pamene aloyi ali mu kukalamba kwambiri, chiwerengero cha precipitates mu aloyi amachepetsa ndipo kukula kumakhala kokulirapo. Ma precipitates omwe amapangidwa panthawi ya ukalamba amatha kuletsa bwino kusuntha kwa ma dislocation mkati mwa alloy. Mphamvu yake yokhota pa kusuntha imagwirizana ndi kukula ndi gawo la voliyumu ya gawo la precipitate. Epirical formula ndi:
f ndi gawo la voliyumu ya gawo la precipitate; r ndi kukula kwa gawo; σa ndi mphamvu yolumikizirana pakati pa gawo ndi matrix. Ndondomekoyi ikuwonetsa kuti kukula kwa gawo la precipitate ndi kucheperako kwa gawo la voliyumu, kucheperako mphamvu yake yokhotakhota pa kusuntha, ndikosavuta kuti kusuntha kwa aloyi kuyambike, ndipo σa0 mu aloyiyo imatsika kuchokera pachimake kukalamba mpaka kukalamba kwambiri. Ngakhale σa0 itachepa, alloy ikachoka pachimake kukalamba kupita ku ukalamba kwambiri, mtengo wa σapp panthawi yosweka kwa alloy umatsika kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kupsinjika kwamalire ambewu (σapp-σa0). Kupsyinjika kogwira mtima pamalire a ukalamba ndi pafupifupi 1/5 ya omwe amakalamba kwambiri, ndiko kuti, sikungathe kusweka pamalire a tirigu mu ukalamba wochuluka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti alloy agwire bwino ntchito.
2.2 Kukhathamiritsa kwa kutentha kwa extrusion ndi dongosolo lokalamba
Malingana ndi zotsatira zomwe zili pamwambazi, kuwonjezera kutentha kwa extrusion kumatha kuchepetsa kuya kwa coarse-grained layer, potero kulepheretsa kuphulika kwa zinthu panthawi ya riveting. Komabe, potengera ena aloyi zikuchokera, extrusion kufa dongosolo ndi extrusion ndondomeko, ngati extrusion kutentha ndi mkulu kwambiri, mbali imodzi, kupindika ndi kupindika digiri ya mbiri adzakhala achulukidwe pa ndondomeko wozimitsa wotsatira, kupanga mbiri kukula kulolerana sagwirizana ndi zofunika, ndipo Komano, izo zidzachititsa aloyi, kuchulukirachulukira aloyi pa nthawi yowotcha mosavuta. Poganizira za riveting boma, ndondomeko kukula mbiri, kupanga zenera ndondomeko ndi zinthu zina, oyenera kwambiri extrusion kutentha kwa aloyi aloyi si zosakwana 485 ℃, ndiye chitsanzo No.
The makina katundu wa chitsanzo No. 2 pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana ukalamba pa 180 ℃, 185 ℃ ndi 190 ℃ akuwonetsedwa Chithunzi 3, amene ndi zokolola mphamvu, nyonga nyonga ndi elongation. Monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 3a, pansi pa 180 ℃, nthawi yokalamba imawonjezeka kuchokera ku 6 h mpaka 12 h, ndipo mphamvu zokolola zakuthupi sizimachepa kwambiri. Pansi pa 185 ℃, pamene nthawi ya ukalamba ikuwonjezeka kuchokera ku 4 h kufika ku 12 h, mphamvu zokolola zimayamba kuwonjezeka kenako zimachepa, ndipo nthawi yokalamba yofanana ndi mphamvu yapamwamba kwambiri ndi 5-6 h. Pansi pa 190 ℃, pamene nthawi yokalamba ikuwonjezeka, mphamvu zokolola zimachepa pang'onopang'ono. Ponseponse, pa kutentha kutatu kwa ukalamba, kutsika kwa kutentha kwa ukalamba, kumapangitsanso mphamvu yapamwamba ya zinthu. Makhalidwe a mphamvu zowonongeka mu Chithunzi 3b zimagwirizana ndi mphamvu zokolola mu Chithunzi 3a. Kutalika kwa kutentha kosiyanasiyana kwa ukalamba komwe kukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 3c kuli pakati pa 14% ndi 17%, popanda kusintha kowonekera. Kuyesera uku kumayesa kukalamba kwambiri mpaka kukalamba kwambiri, ndipo chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakung'ono koyesera, cholakwika choyesa chimapangitsa kuti kusintha kwapangidwe kusakhale kodziwika bwino.
Mkuyu.3 Mawotchi katundu wa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana ukalamba kutentha ndi nthawi ukalamba
Pambuyo pa mankhwala okalamba omwe ali pamwambawa, kupasuka kwazitsulo zowonongeka kumafotokozedwa mwachidule mu Table 4. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera ku Table 4 kuti ndi kuwonjezeka kwa nthawi, kusweka kwa ma riveted joints kumaponderezedwa pamlingo wina. Pansi pa 180 ℃, nthawi yokalamba ikadutsa 10 h, mawonekedwe a olowa ophatikizidwa amakhala ovomerezeka, koma osakhazikika. Pansi pa 185 ℃, atakalamba kwa 7 h, mawonekedwe a mgwirizano wopindika alibe ming'alu ndipo boma limakhala lokhazikika. Pansi pa chikhalidwe cha 190 ℃, mawonekedwe a olowa riveted alibe ming'alu ndipo boma ndi lokhazikika. Kuchokera pazotsatira zoyeserera, zitha kuwoneka kuti magwiridwe antchito a riveting ndi abwino komanso okhazikika pamene alloy ali pazaka zambiri. Kuphatikizidwa ndi ntchito ya mbiri ya thupi, riveting pa 180 ℃/10 ~ 12 H si abwino kukhazikika khalidwe la ndondomeko kupanga olamulidwa ndi OEM. Pofuna kuonetsetsa kukhazikika kwa mgwirizano wophwanyidwa, nthawi yokalamba iyenera kuwonjezereka, koma kutsimikiziridwa kwa nthawi yokalamba kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kuchepa kwa mbiri komanso kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama. Pansi pa chikhalidwe cha 190 ℃, zitsanzo zonse zimatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira za kusweka kwa riveting, koma mphamvu ya zinthuzo imachepetsedwa kwambiri. Malinga ndi zofunikira zamapangidwe agalimoto, mphamvu yotulutsa ya 6082 alloy iyenera kutsimikiziridwa kukhala yayikulu kuposa 270 MPa. Choncho, kutentha kwa ukalamba 190 ℃ sikukwaniritsa zofunikira za mphamvu zakuthupi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ngati mphamvu zakuthupi ndizochepa kwambiri, makulidwe otsalira a mbale ya pansi pa mgwirizano wophwanyidwa adzakhala ochepa kwambiri. Pambuyo kukalamba pa 190 ℃/8 h, riveted mtanda wagawo makhalidwe amasonyeza kuti yotsalira makulidwe ndi 0.26 mm, amene sakwaniritsa index chofunika ≥0.3 mm, monga momwe chithunzi 4a. Poganizira mozama, kutentha koyenera kukalamba ndi 185 ℃. Pambuyo pa kukalamba kwa 7 h, zinthuzo zimatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira za riveting, ndipo mphamvuyo imakwaniritsa zofunikira. Poganizira kukhazikika kwa kukhazikika kwa njira yowotcherera pamisonkhano yowotcherera, nthawi yabwino yokalamba ikuyenera kutsimikiziridwa ngati 8 h. Makhalidwe apakati pansi pa ndondomekoyi akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 4b, chomwe chimakwaniritsa zofunikira za ndondomeko yolumikizirana. Kumanzere ndi kumanja kwapakati ndi 0,90 mm ndi 0.75 mm, zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira za ≥0.4 mm, ndipo makulidwe otsalira pansi ndi 0,38 mm.
Table 4 Kusweka kwa chitsanzo No. 2 pa kutentha kosiyana ndi nthawi zosiyanasiyana za ukalamba
Fig.4 Mawonekedwe ophatikizika a zolumikizana zopindika za 6082 mbale zapansi pamagawo osiyanasiyana okalamba.
3 Mapeto
Kukwera kwa kutentha kwa 6082 aluminium alloy profiles, kumapangitsa kuti pamwamba pakhale wosanjikiza-grained pambuyo pa extrusion. Kukhuthala kocheperako kumatha kuchepetsa kupsinjika kwa malire pamalire ambewu, potero kulepheretsa kusweka kwa ma riveting. Kafukufuku woyeserera watsimikiza kuti kutentha koyenera kwa extrusion sikuchepera 485 ℃.
Pamene makulidwe a coarse-grained wosanjikiza wa 6082 aluminiyamu aloyi mbiri ndi chimodzimodzi, kupsyinjika kothandiza kwa malire a tirigu a aloyi mu dziko okalamba kwambiri ndi zochepa kuposa pa pachimake ukalamba boma, chiopsezo chosweka pa riveting ndi yaing'ono, ndi riveting ntchito aloyi ndi bwino. Poganizira zinthu zitatu za riveting bata, riveted olowa interlocking mtengo, kutentha mankhwala kupanga dzuwa ndi ubwino zachuma, mulingo woyenera kwambiri ukalamba dongosolo aloyi watsimikiza kukhala 185 ℃/8h.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-05-2025
