Mkuwa
Pamene gawo lolemera kwambiri la aluminium-copper alloy ndi 548, kusungunuka kwakukulu kwa mkuwa mu aluminium ndi 5.65%. Kutentha kumatsika mpaka 302, kusungunuka kwa mkuwa ndi 0,45%. Copper ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri cha aloyi ndipo chimakhala ndi njira yolimba yolimbikitsira. Kuphatikiza apo, CuAl2 yoyambitsidwa ndi ukalamba imakhala ndi mphamvu yolimbitsa ukalamba. Zomwe zili mkuwa muzitsulo zotayidwa nthawi zambiri zimakhala pakati pa 2.5% ndi 5%, ndipo mphamvu yolimbikitsa imakhala yabwino kwambiri pamene mkuwa uli pakati pa 4% ndi 6.8%, kotero kuti mkuwa wambiri wa duralumin alloys uli mkati mwa izi. Aluminiyamu-mkuwa aloyi akhoza kukhala zochepa pakachitsulo, magnesium, manganese, chromium, nthaka, chitsulo ndi zinthu zina.
Silikoni
Pamene gawo lolemera kwambiri la aluminium la Al-Si alloy system lili ndi kutentha kwa eutectic 577, kusungunuka kwa silicon mu njira yolimba ndi 1.65%. Ngakhale kusungunuka kumachepa ndi kutentha kochepa, ma aloyiwa nthawi zambiri sangathe kulimbikitsidwa ndi kutentha. Aluminiyamu-silicon aloyi ali ndi zabwino kuponyera katundu ndi kukana dzimbiri. Ngati magnesium ndi silicon zikuwonjezedwa ku aluminiyumu nthawi yomweyo kupanga aluminium-magnesium-silicon alloy, gawo lolimbikitsa ndi MgSi. Kuchuluka kwa magnesium ku silicon ndi 1.73: 1. Popanga kapangidwe ka aloyi ya Al-Mg-Si, zomwe zili mu magnesium ndi silicon zimasinthidwa molingana ndi matrix. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu zama aloyi ena a Al-Mg-Si, kuchuluka kwa mkuwa kumawonjezeredwa, ndipo chromium yoyenerera imawonjezeredwa kuti athetse mavuto a mkuwa pa kukana dzimbiri.
Kusungunuka kwakukulu kwa Mg2Si mu aluminiyumu mu gawo lolemera la aluminiyamu ya gawo lofanana lachiwonetsero cha Al-Mg2Si alloy system ndi 1.85%, ndipo kuchepa kwake kumakhala kochepa pamene kutentha kumachepa. M'zitsulo zopunduka za aluminiyamu, kuwonjezera kwa silicon yekha ku aluminiyumu kumangokhala ndi zida zowotcherera, ndipo kuwonjezera kwa silicon ku aluminiyumu kumakhalanso ndi mphamvu zolimbitsa.
Magnesium
Ngakhale mapindikidwe a solubility akuwonetsa kuti kusungunuka kwa magnesiamu mu aluminiyamu kumachepa kwambiri kutentha kumachepa, ma magnesium omwe ali m'mafakitale ambiri opunduka a aluminiyamu ndi osakwana 6%. Zomwe zili mu silicon ndizochepa. Mtundu woterewu wa alloy sungalimbitsidwa ndi chithandizo cha kutentha, koma uli ndi weldability wabwino, kukana kwa dzimbiri, komanso mphamvu yapakatikati. Kulimbikitsidwa kwa aluminiyumu ndi magnesium ndizodziwikiratu. Pakuwonjezeka kwa 1% kwa magnesiamu, mphamvu yamanjenje imakwera pafupifupi 34MPa. Ngati manganese ochepera 1% awonjezeredwa, mphamvu yolimbitsa imatha kuwonjezeredwa. Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera manganese kumatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa magnesiamu ndikuchepetsa chizolowezi chosweka. Kuphatikiza apo, manganese amathanso kupangitsa kuti ma Mg5Al8 aziphatikizidwe mofanana, kupititsa patsogolo kukana kwa dzimbiri komanso kuwotcherera.
Manganese
Pamene kutentha kwa eutectic kwa gawo laling'ono lachiwonetsero cha Al-Mn alloy system ndi 658, kusungunuka kwakukulu kwa manganese mu njira yolimba ndi 1.82%. Mphamvu ya alloy imawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa solubility. Pamene manganese ali ndi 0,8%, elongation imafika pamtengo wapatali. Al-Mn alloy ndi alloy osawumitsa zaka, ndiye kuti, sangathe kulimbikitsidwa ndi chithandizo cha kutentha. Manganese angalepheretse recrystallization ndondomeko aloyi zotayidwa, kuonjezera kutentha recrystallization, ndi kwambiri kuyenga mbewu recrystallized. Kukonzanso kwa njere zowumbidwanso kumachitika makamaka chifukwa chakuti tinthu tating'ono ta MnAl6 timalepheretsa kukula kwa njere zowumbidwanso. Ntchito ina ya MnAl6 ndikusungunula chitsulo chodetsedwa kupanga (Fe, Mn) Al6, kuchepetsa zotsatira zoyipa zachitsulo. Manganese ndi chinthu chofunikira muzitsulo za aluminiyamu. Itha kuwonjezeredwa yokha kuti ipange al-Mn binary alloy. Nthawi zambiri, amawonjezeredwa pamodzi ndi zinthu zina zophatikizika. Chifukwa chake, ma aluminium ambiri amakhala ndi manganese.
Zinc
Kusungunuka kwa zinki mu aluminiyumu ndi 31.6% pa 275 mu gawo lolemera kwambiri la aluminiyamu la gawo lofanana la gawo la Al-Zn alloy system, pamene kusungunuka kwake kumatsikira ku 5.6% pa 125. mphamvu ya aloyi zotayidwa pansi mapindikidwe mikhalidwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo, pali chizolowezi kupsinjika dzimbiri akulimbana, motero kuchepetsa ntchito yake. Kuwonjezera zinki ndi magnesium ku aluminiyamu nthawi yomweyo kumapanga gawo lolimbikitsa Mg / Zn2, lomwe limakhala ndi mphamvu yolimbikitsa kwambiri pa alloy. Pamene zinthu za Mg / Zn2 zikuwonjezeka kuchokera ku 0.5% mpaka 12%, mphamvu zowonongeka ndi zokolola zimatha kuwonjezeka kwambiri. Mu superhard aluminiyamu aloyi kumene magnesiamu okhutira kuposa kuchuluka chofunika kupanga Mg/Zn2 gawo, pamene chiŵerengero cha zinki ndi magnesium amawongoleredwa mozungulira 2.7, kupsyinjika dzimbiri akulimbana kukana ndi yaikulu. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera chinthu chamkuwa ku Al-Zn-Mg kumapanga aloyi ya Al-Zn-Mg-Cu. Mphamvu yolimbitsa m'munsi ndiyo yaikulu kwambiri pakati pa ma aluminiyamu onse. Ndiwofunikanso zitsulo zotayidwa za aluminiyamu muzamlengalenga, makampani oyendetsa ndege, komanso makampani opanga magetsi.
Iron ndi silicon
Chitsulo chimawonjezedwa ngati ma alloying mu Al-Cu-Mg-Ni-Fe mndandanda wopangidwa ndi ma aluminiyamu aloyi, ndipo silicon imawonjezedwa ngati ma alloying mu Al-Mg-Si mndandanda wopangidwa ndi aluminiyamu komanso mndandanda wazowotcherera wa Al-Si ndi aluminium-silicon kuponyera. aloyi. Pazitsulo za aluminiyamu zoyambira, silicon ndi chitsulo ndi zinthu zonyansa zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zomwe aloyiyo ali nayo. Amapezeka makamaka ngati FeCl3 ndi silicon yaulere. Pamene silicon ndi yaikulu kuposa chitsulo, gawo la β-FeSiAl3 (kapena Fe2Si2Al9) limapangidwa, ndipo chitsulo chikakhala chachikulu kuposa silicon, α-Fe2SiAl8 (kapena Fe3Si2Al12) imapangidwa. Pamene chiŵerengero cha chitsulo ndi silicon sichili choyenera, chimayambitsa ming'alu pakuponyedwa. Chitsulo chachitsulo mu aluminiyamu yotayidwa chikakwera kwambiri, kuponyerako kumakhala kolimba.
Titaniyamu ndi Boron
Titaniyamu ndi chinthu chowonjezera chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri muzitsulo za aluminiyamu, zowonjezeredwa mu mawonekedwe a Al-Ti kapena Al-Ti-B master alloy. Titaniyamu ndi aluminiyumu zimapanga gawo la TiAl2, lomwe limakhala phata losakhazikika panthawi ya crystallization ndipo limagwira ntchito poyeretsa kapangidwe kake ndi kamangidwe ka weld. Pamene ma alloys a Al-Ti akukumana ndi phukusi, zofunikira za titaniyamu zimakhala pafupifupi 0.15%. Ngati boron ilipo, kuchepa kwake kumakhala kochepa ngati 0.01%.
Chromium
Chromium ndi chinthu chowonjezera chodziwika mu mndandanda wa Al-Mg-Si, mndandanda wa Al-Mg-Zn, ndi ma alloys a Al-Mg. Pa 600 ° C, kusungunuka kwa chromium mu aluminiyamu ndi 0.8%, ndipo kwenikweni sikusungunuka kutentha. Chromium imapanga mankhwala a intermetallic monga (CrFe) Al7 ndi (CrMn) Al12 mu aluminiyamu, omwe amalepheretsa nucleation ndi kukula kwa recrystallization ndipo imakhala ndi mphamvu yowonjezera pa alloy. Itha kulimbitsanso kulimba kwa alloy ndikuchepetsa chiwopsezo cha kupsinjika kwa dzimbiri.
Komabe, malo kumawonjezera kuzimitsa tilinazo, kupanga anodized filimu chikasu. Kuchuluka kwa chromium komwe kumawonjezeredwa kuzitsulo za aluminiyumu nthawi zambiri sikudutsa 0.35%, ndipo kumachepa ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosinthira mu aloyi.
Strontium
Strontium ndi chinthu chogwira ntchito pamwamba chomwe chingasinthe khalidwe la intermetallic compound phases crystallographically. Chifukwa chake, chithandizo chosinthidwa ndi chinthu cha strontium chimatha kukonza magwiridwe antchito apulasitiki a aloyi komanso mtundu wa chinthu chomaliza. Chifukwa cha nthawi yayitali yosinthira, zotsatira zake zabwino komanso kuberekana, strontium yalowa m'malo mwa kugwiritsa ntchito sodium mu Al-Si casting alloys m'zaka zaposachedwa. Kuwonjezera 0.015% ~ 0.03% strontium ku aluminiyamu aloyi kwa extrusion kutembenuza β-AlFeSi gawo mu ingot mu α-AlFeSi gawo, kuchepetsa ingot homogenization nthawi ndi 60% ~ 70%, kupititsa patsogolo makina katundu ndi pulasitiki processability wa zipangizo; kuwongolera kuuma kwa zinthu.
Kwa ma silicon apamwamba (10% ~ 13%) opunduka ma aluminiyamu aloyi, kuwonjezera 0.02% ~ 0.07% strontium element imatha kuchepetsa makhiristo oyambira kukhala ochepa, komanso makina amawongoleredwa bwino kwambiri. Mphamvu yamphamvu бb ikuwonjezeka kuchokera ku 233MPa kufika ku 236MPa, ndipo mphamvu zokolola б0.2 zawonjezeka kuchokera ku 204MPa kufika ku 210MPa, ndipo elongation б5 yawonjezeka kuchokera 9% mpaka 12%. Kuwonjezera strontium ku hypereutectic Al-Si alloy kumatha kuchepetsa kukula kwa tinthu tating'ono ta silicon, kukonza zinthu zamapulasitiki, ndikupangitsa kugudubuza kosalala komanso kozizira.
Zirconium
Zirconium ndiwowonjezeranso wamba mu ma aluminiyamu aloyi. Nthawi zambiri, ndalama zomwe zimawonjezeredwa kuzitsulo zotayidwa ndi 0.1% ~ 0.3%. Zirconium ndi aluminiyamu amapanga ZrAl3 mankhwala, omwe amatha kulepheretsa kukonzanso ndikuyeretsa mbewu zowonjezeredwa. Zirconium imathanso kukonzanso kapangidwe kake, koma zotsatira zake ndi zazing'ono kuposa titaniyamu. Kukhalapo kwa zirconium kudzachepetsa mphamvu yoyenga ya titaniyamu ndi boron. Mu ma aloyi a Al-Zn-Mg-Cu, popeza zirconium imakhala ndi mphamvu yaying'ono pakuzimitsa kukhudzika kuposa chromium ndi manganese, ndi koyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zirconium m'malo mwa chromium ndi manganese kuti akonzenso mawonekedwe opangidwanso.
Zosowa zapadziko lapansi
Zinthu zosawerengeka zapadziko lapansi zimawonjezeredwa ku ma aloyi a aluminiyamu kuti awonjezere kuzizira kwambiri panthawi ya aluminiyamu alloy kuponyera, kuyeretsa njere, kuchepetsa malo amtundu wa kristalo, kuchepetsa mpweya ndi ma inclusions mu aloyi, ndipo amakonda spheroidize gawo lophatikizika. Zingathenso kuchepetsa kugwedezeka kwa pamwamba pa kusungunuka, kuonjezera madzimadzi, ndikuthandizira kuponyedwa mu ingots, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri ntchito ya ndondomeko. Ndi bwino kuwonjezera mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya dziko lapansi pafupifupi 0.1%. Kuwonjezera kwa nthaka zosakanizika zachilendo (zosakaniza La-Ce-Pr-Nd, etc.) kumachepetsa kutentha kwakukulu kwa mapangidwe okalamba G?P zone mu Al-0.65%Mg-0.61%Si alloy. Ma aluminiyamu aloyi okhala ndi magnesiamu amatha kulimbikitsa kusintha kwa zinthu zapadziko lapansi.
Chidetso
Vanadium imapanga VAL11 refractory compound mu aluminium alloys, yomwe imagwira ntchito pakuyenga mbewu panthawi yosungunuka ndi kuponya, koma udindo wake ndi wochepa kuposa wa titaniyamu ndi zirconium. Vanadium imakhalanso ndi zotsatira zoyenga mawonekedwe opangidwanso ndikuwonjezera kutentha kwa recrystallization.
Kusungunuka kolimba kwa calcium mu aluminium alloys ndikotsika kwambiri, ndipo kumapanga gulu la CaAl4 ndi aluminiyamu. Calcium ndi chinthu chapamwamba kwambiri cha ma aluminiyamu aloyi. Aluminiyamu alloy ndi pafupifupi 5% calcium ndi 5% manganese ali superplasticity. Calcium ndi silicon zimapanga CaSi, zomwe sizisungunuka mu aluminiyamu. Popeza njira yolimba ya silicon yafupika, mphamvu yamagetsi ya aluminiyamu yoyera yamafakitale imatha kusintha pang'ono. Calcium imatha kusintha magwiridwe antchito a ma aluminiyamu. CaSi2 silingalimbikitse ma aloyi a aluminiyamu kudzera mu chithandizo cha kutentha. Kufufuza kwa calcium kumathandiza kuchotsa haidrojeni mu aluminiyamu yosungunuka.
Zinthu za lead, tin, ndi bismuth ndizitsulo zotsika kwambiri zosungunuka. Kusungunuka kwawo kolimba mu aluminium ndi kochepa, komwe kumachepetsa pang'ono mphamvu ya alloy, koma kungapangitse ntchito yodula. Bismuth imakula panthawi yolimba, yomwe imakhala yopindulitsa pakudyetsa. Kuonjezera bismuth ku ma alloys apamwamba a magnesium kungalepheretse kusungunuka kwa sodium.
Antimony imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati chosinthira muzitsulo zotayidwa za aluminiyamu, ndipo sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri muzitsulo zopunduka za aluminiyamu. Ingolowetsani bismuth mu Al-Mg wopunduka aloyi ya aluminiyamu kuti muteteze kukhazikika kwa sodium. Antimony element imawonjezedwa ku ma alloys ena a Al-Zn-Mg-Cu kuti apititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchito amakasitomala otentha komanso ozizira.
Beryllium imatha kusintha mawonekedwe a filimu ya okusayidi muzitsulo zopunduka za aluminiyamu ndikuchepetsa kutayika koyaka ndi kuphatikizika pakusungunuka ndi kuponyera. Beryllium ndi chinthu chapoizoni chomwe chingayambitse matupi awo sagwirizana ndi anthu. Chifukwa chake, beryllium sangakhale muzitsulo za aluminiyamu zomwe zimakumana ndi chakudya ndi zakumwa. Zomwe zili mu beryllium muzowotcherera nthawi zambiri zimayendetsedwa pansi pa 8μg/ml. Zosakaniza za aluminiyamu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowotcherera ziyeneranso kuwongolera zomwe zili ndi beryllium.
Sodium ndi pafupifupi insoluble mu zotayidwa, ndipo pazipita olimba solubility ndi zosakwana 0.0025%. malo osungunuka a sodium ndi otsika (97.8 ℃), sodium ikakhalapo mu aloyi, imayikidwa pamtunda wa dendrite kapena malire ambewu panthawi yolimba, pakutentha kotentha, sodium pamalire ambewu imapanga wosanjikiza wamadzimadzi, kumayambitsa kusweka kwa brittle, mapangidwe a NaAlSi mankhwala, palibe sodium yaulere ilipo, ndipo siimapanga "sodium brittle".
Pamene magnesium iposa 2%, magnesium imachotsa silicon ndikuyambitsa sodium yaulere, zomwe zimapangitsa "sodium brittleness". Choncho, mkulu magnesium zotayidwa aloyi saloledwa ntchito sodium mchere flux. Njira zopewera "sodium embrittlement" zikuphatikizapo chlorination, zomwe zimapangitsa sodium kupanga NaCl ndipo imatulutsidwa mu slag, kuwonjezera bismuth kupanga Na2Bi ndikulowa muzitsulo zachitsulo; kuwonjezera antimony kupanga Na3Sb kapena kuwonjezera zosowa padziko lapansi kungakhalenso ndi zotsatira zofanana.
Adasinthidwa ndi May Jiang kuchokera ku MAT Aluminium
Nthawi yotumiza: Aug-08-2024
